Darker the chocolate, better the benefits?

Study: When it comes to health, all chocolates not the same

Wednesday, August 27, 2003 Posted: 1:16 PM EDT (1716 GMT)

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(AP) -- After a sweaty health club workout, don't kid yourself that the candy bar in your gym bag is health food. Despite the recent buzz over the confection's heart-protecting qualities, new research suggests that not all kinds of chocolate are beneficial.

European researchers say eating milk chocolate, which is most commonly used in candy bars, does not raise antioxidant levels in the bloodstream. They found the same discouraging result among patients who drank milk while eating dark chocolate.

The results suggest that milk and other dairy products somehow discourage the body's ability to absorb the protective compounds in chocolate. Only subjects who ate dark chocolate showed a temporary increase in their antioxidant levels.

Details of the study appear in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.

"This puts in question the possible protective effects of (chocolate) milk shakes or ice cream or other dairy products," said co-author Alan Crozier of the University of Glasgow.

Nor does Crozier endorse the idea that eating dark chocolate is healthier. It still contains plenty of fat and sugar.

"Don't think by eating five or six bars a day you're doing yourself any good," he said.

The blood pressure effect

Cocoa beans contain plant chemicals called flavonoids, a kind of antioxidant polyphenol present in many fruits, vegetables, tea and red wine. Some studies indicate flavonoids protect the heart from damaging effects of unstable oxygen compounds called free radicals that, among other things, can damage blood vessels.

A German study published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that eating dark chocolate can lower blood pressure. Other experiments show cocoa flavonoids may reduce harmful blood clotting properties and decrease low-density-lipoprotein (LDL), known as the "bad cholesterol."

The JAMA study involved adults with untreated mild hypertension who ate 3-ounce chocolate bars daily for two weeks. Half of the patients got white chocolate, half got dark chocolate.

Blood pressure remained pretty much unchanged in the group that ate white chocolate, which does not contain polyphenols. But after two weeks, systolic blood pressure -- the top number -- had dropped an average of five points in the dark-chocolate group. The lower, or diastolic, reading fell an average of almost two points.

In 1998, a Harvard study of nearly 8,000 of its male graduates determined that eating the equivalent of few bars of chocolate a month lowered the risk of death by 36 percent as compared to abstainers.

No recommended daily allowance

In the latest experiments, which were conducted without industry funding, Crozier and researchers in Italy first determined the antioxidant levels of dark chocolate and milk chocolate in the lab. Dark chocolate had twice as much, Crozier said, in part because milk chocolate contains only about half as much actual chocolate.

The researchers then gave chocolate bars to seven women and five men who were between 25 and 35 years old. All of the participants were nonsmokers, had normal blood lipid levels, took no prescription drugs or vitamins and were not overweight.

After they ate dark chocolate bars, the antioxidant potential measured in their blood increased an average of 18 percent and remained elevated for three hours.

Lead author Mauro Serafini said the subjects' antioxidant potential did not rise noticeably when they consumed a glass of whole milk with the dark chocolate, or when they ate milk chocolate. He said it's possible that antioxidants bind with milk proteins making absorption more difficult.

Scientists who did not contribute to the research said the protective aspects of flavonoids in chocolate have not been proven.

"I guess this means to be healthy you should eat chocolate with red wine," said Andrew L. Waterhouse, a nutrition professor at the University of California at Davis. "That is, if you believe the antioxidant hypothesis.

"No one has taken flavonoids, given them to people in a controlled scenario and shown that people who take them are more healthy than those who don't," he said.

Dr. Robert H. Eckel, a spokesman for the American Heart Association, said there is not enough information to recommend chocolate as a food that reduces the risk of heart disease.